The Alliance System Brings on War

http://www.firstworldwar.com/origins/causes.htm

America Goes to War

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
http://symonsez.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/lusitanianewspaper.jpg

Zimmermann Telegram
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http://www.archives.gov/global-pages/larger-image.html?i=/education/lessons/zimmermann/images/decoded-message-l.jpg&c=/education/lessons/zimmermann/images/decoded-message.caption.html

Germany Violates Neutral Belgium
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http://www.ww1westernfront.gov.au/ieper/images/awm-artv01335.jpg

Imperialism in Pictures

American Imperialism
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilQZWmVJKeq-JLQj0YyVbrvqlkB9VXYGIa4ucDg_epVvC0G2tx6-ePOJhyphenhyphenu-uBp9OIObfLyas9N9eDXzv9zGZH6AQA6FGX8ojmLPRInUjqfr4XBejElIDW9UPJMrdFu77mvYWcr88npF0/s400/American-Imperialism-1896-1900.JPG

http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/assets/photos/1084.jpg

Spanish-American War
http://www.usgwarchives.net/pensions/spnamer/index.1.jpg San Juan Hill

http://images.nypl.org/index.php?id=813801&t=w Battleship Maine

Carry a Big Stick
http://www.phrases.org.uk/images/roosevelt.gif

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
http://regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/imperialism/images/trmonroecart.jpg

Imperial Powers Carving up China (Protocol of 1901)
http://www.antiimperialist.com/templates/Flat/img/contentpics/Imperialism.jpg

TR and the Panama Canal
http://www.schillerinstitute.org/lar_related/2010/lyn_question_before_us/Teddy_Roosevelt_Panama_Canal.jpg

The White Man's Burden
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The Scramble for Africa
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Molly Maguire's

http://americanpublichousereview.com/2008.03/mollys/warning_dave.jpg

http://www.providence.edu/polisci/students/molly_maguires/

Veterans Day 2010

http://www.nragive.com/ringoffreedom/index.html

Compare and Contrast Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois

Booker T. Washington Sources:
The Awakening of the Negro
The Atlanta Exposition Speech
Industrial Education for the Negro
The Intellectuals and the Boston Mob

W.E.B. DuBois Sources:
Of Our Spiritual Strivings
Of Booker T. Washington and Others
Niagara Movement Speech

Background Reading:Frederick Douglass Sources:
What Shall Be Done With The Slaves If Emancipated? 1862
What the Black Man Wants 1865

Meet The Robber Barons

http://knowledgenews.net/moxie/todaysknowledge/meet-the-robber-barons.shtml

William Jennings Bryan: No Crown of Thorns, No Cross of Gold!

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Cross_of_gold_speech_cartoon.jpg

"...which side shall the Democratic Party fight. Upon the side of the idle holders of idle capital, or upon the side of the struggling masses? That is the question that the party must answer first; and then it must be answered by each individual hereafter. The sympathies of the Democratic Party, as described by the platform, are on the side of the struggling masses, who have ever been the foundation of the Democratic Party....

"There are two ideas of government. There are those who believe that if you just legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, that their prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic idea has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous their prosperity will find its way up and through every class that rests upon it....

"If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we shall fight them to the uttermost, having behind us the producing masses of the nation and the world. Having behind us the commercial interests and the laboring interests and all the toiling masses, we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold."

1896 Election Results: McKinley vs Bryan

http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1896

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/

Trails West

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http://www.wesclark.com/jw/battalion_southwest.jpg

Jim Crow Laws

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Minstrel Player called "Jim Crow"
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A Warning to Carpetbaggers
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Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States after 1876 requiring the separation of African-Americans from white Americans in public facilities, such as public schools, hotels, water fountains, restaurants, libraries, buses, and trains, as well as the legal restrictions placed on blacks from exercising their right to vote.
The term Jim Crow comes from the minstrel show song "Jump Jim Crow" written in 1828 and performed by Thomas Dartmouth "Daddy" Rice, a white English migrant to the U.S. and the first popularizer of blackface performance, which became an immediate success. A caricature of a shabbily dressed rural black named "Jim Crow" became a standard character in minstrel shows. By 1837, Jim Crow was also used to refer to racial segregation generally.
It was not until 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education and 1964, with the enactment of that year's Civil Rights Act, that these discriminatory laws were finally made illegal. Until the "Jim Crow" regime was dismantled, it contributed to a great migration of African Americans to other parts of the United States.

History

At the conclusion of the American Civil War in 1865, and lasting until 1876, in the period of Reconstruction, the federal government took an affirmative and aggressive stance in enacting new federal laws that provided civil rights protection for African-Americans who had formerly been slaves. Among these new laws were the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the Civil Rights Act of 1875, and the fourteenth and fifteenth Amendments to the US Constitution. These enactments guaranteed that everyone, regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, was entitled to the equal use of public accommodation facilities, which included inns, hotels, motels, public transportation such as buses and railway cars, theaters, and other places of public amusement.
After the Civil War, many southern states came under the control of the new Republican Party, which was largely made up of freed black slaves, "Scalawags," and "Carpetbaggers." The Scalawags were white Southerners who joined the Republican Party during the Reconstruction period, interested in re-building the South by ending the power of the plantation aristocracy that had been largely responsible for slavery. The Carpetbaggers were northerners that had moved from the North to the South during this period of Reconstruction.
However, many Southerners, particularly members of the Ku Klux Klan, founded by veterans of the Confederate Army, violently resisted this new Republican coalition, as well as the new federal civil rights laws that gave blacks legal rights they never had before. President Ulysses S. Grant was eventually forced to use federal troops to curtail violence against blacks by the Klan, and to use the federal court system to enforce the new federal laws against the Klan.

Meanwhile, Southern Democrats alleged that the Scalawags were financially and politically corrupt, willing to support bad government because they profited personally. By 1877 Southern whites who were opposed to the policies of the Federal government formed their own political coalition to oust the Republicans who were trying to seize control over state and local politics. Known as the “Redeemers,” these Southerners were a political coalition of conservative and pro-business whites that came to dominate the Democratic Party in the South. They rose to power by being able to reverse many of the civil rights gains that blacks had made during the Reconstruction era, passing laws that virtually mandated discrimination by local governments and private parties.

Starting in 1883, the U.S. Supreme Court started to invalidate some of these congressional enactments. The first to be challenged was the Civil Rights Act of 1875. The Act was found unconstitutional on the basis that it regulated the actions of private companies rather than actions of state governments. The court also held that the fourteenth Amendment only prohibited discrimination by the state, not individuals or corporations; and therefore, most of the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 were held to be unconstitutional.
One of the most racist of these laws came in the 1890s with the adoption of legislation that mandated the segregation of blacks and whites on railroad cars in New Orleans. Between 1890 and 1910, many state governments prevented most blacks from voting in local and federal elections, using various techniques, such as poll taxes and literacy tests. These new requirements could be waived for whites due to "grandfather clauses," but not for blacks. It is estimated that of 181,000 Black males of voting age in Alabama in 1900, only 3,000 were registered to vote, largely because of Jim Crow laws.

Separate But Equal

In "Plessy v. Ferguson" (1896) the Supreme Court held that Jim Crow type laws were constitutional as long as they allowed "separate but equal" facilities. The “separate but equal" requirement eventually led to widespread racial discrimination.

The background of this case is as follows: In 1890, the State of Louisiana passed a law requiring separate accommodations for black and white passengers on railroads. A group of black and white citizens in New Orleans formed an association for the purpose of repealing this new law. They persuaded Homer Plessy, a man with light skin who was one-eighth African, to challenge the law. In 1892 Plessy purchased a first-class ticket from New Orleans on the East Louisiana Railway. When he had boarded the train, he informed the conductor of his racial lineage, but insisted on sitting in the whites-only section. Plessy was asked to leave the railway car that had been designated for white passengers and to sit in the "blacks only" car. Plessy refused to do so, and was later arrested and convicted for not sitting in the railway car designated only for blacks. This case was then appealed to the US Supreme Court.

Writing for the Court, Justice Henry Billings Brown wrote, "We consider the underlying fallacy of the plaintiff's argument to consist in the assumption that the enforced separation of the two races stamps the colored race with a badge of inferiority. If this be so, it is not by reason of anything found in the act, but solely because the colored race chooses to put that construction upon it." Justice John Harlan, a former slave owner, who experienced a conversion as a result of Ku Klux Klan excesses, wrote a scathing dissent, saying that the Court's majority decision would become as infamous as that of the Dred Scott case. Harlan also wrote that in the eyes of the law in this country, there is no superior, or dominant, ruling class of citizens, that the Constitution is color-blind, and does not tolerate classes among citizens.

As an aftermath of this decision, the legal foundation for the doctrine of "separate but equal" was firmly in place. By 1915, every Southern state had effectively destroyed the gains that blacks had obtained through various laws passed by the Federal government during the Reconstruction period. The new restrictions against blacks were eventually extended to the federal government while Woodrow Wilson was President of the US. During his first term in office, the House passed a law making racial intermarriage a felony in the District of Columbia. His new Postmaster General ordered that his Washington, DC offices be segregated, and in time the Department of Treasury did the same. To enable identification a person's race, photographs were required of all applicants for federal jobs.
Examples of Jim Crow laws

The following are examples of Jim Crow laws:

ALABAMA
Nurses. No person or corporation shall require any white female nurse to work in wards or rooms in hospitals, either public or private, in which Negro men are placed.
Buses. All passenger stations in this state operated by any motor transportation company shall have separate waiting rooms or space and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races.

Railroads. The conductor of each passenger train is authorized and required to assign each passenger to the car or the division of the car, when it is divided by a partition, designated for the race to which such passenger belongs.
Restaurants. It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city, at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the street is provided for each compartment.

FLORIDA
Intermarriage. All marriages between a white person and a Negro, or between a white person and a person of Negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited.

Cohabitation. Any Negro man and white woman, or any white man and Negro woman, who are not married to each other, who shall habitually live in and occupy in the nighttime the same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or by fine not exceeding five hundred ($500.00) dollars.

Education. The schools for white children and the schools for Negro children shall be conducted separately.

LOUISIANA
Housing. Any person...who shall rent any part of any such building to a Negro person or a Negro family when such building is already in whole or in part in occupancy by a white person or white family, or vice versa when the building is in occupancy by a Negro person or Negro family, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five ($25.00) nor more than one hundred ($100.00) dollars or be imprisoned not less than 10, or more than 60 days, or both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the court.

MISSISSIPPI
Promotion of Equality. Any person...who shall be guilty of printing, publishing or circulating printed, typewritten or written matter urging or presenting for public acceptance or general information, arguments or suggestions in favor of social equality or of intermarriage between whites and Negroes, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to fine or not exceeding five hundred (500.00) dollars or imprisonment not exceeding six (6) months or both.

NORTH CAROLINA
Textbooks. Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools, but shall continue to be used by the race first using them.
Libraries. The state librarian is directed to fit up and maintain a separate place for the use of the colored people who may come to the library for the purpose of reading books or periodicals.

VIRGINIA
Theaters. Every person … operating … any public hall, theater, opera house, motion picture show or any place of public entertainment or public assemblage which is attended by both white and colored persons, shall separate the white race and the colored race and shall set apart and designate … certain seats therein to be occupied by white persons and a portion thereof, or certain seats therein, to be occupied by colored persons.

Railroads. The conductors or managers on all such railroads shall have power, and are hereby required, to assign to each white or colored passenger his or her respective car, coach or compartment. If the passenger fails to disclose his race, the conductor and managers, acting in good faith, shall be the sole judges of his race.

WYOMING
Intermarriage. All marriages of white persons with Negroes, Mulattos, Mongolians, or Malaya hereafter contracted in the State of Wyoming are and shall be illegal and void.
Jim Crow laws were a product of the solidly Democratic South, that was not able to accept black-Americans as being equal to white-Americans. As the party which supported the Confederacy, the Democratic Party quickly dominated all aspects of local, state, and federal political life in the post-Civil War South.
Twentieth century

Starting in 1915, on the basis of constitutional law, the Supreme Court began to issue decisions that overturned several Jim Crow laws. In Guinn v. United States 238 US 347 (1915), the Court held that an Oklahoma law that had denied the right to vote to black citizens was unconstitutional. In Buchanan v. Warley 245 US 60 (1917), the Court held that a Kentucky law could not require residential segregation. In 1946, the Court outlawed the white primary election in Smith v. Allwright 321 US 649 (1944), and also in 1946, in Irene Morgan v. Virginia 328 U.S. 373, the high Court ruled that segregation in interstate transportation was unconstitutional. In Shelley v. Kraemer 334 US 1 (1948), the Court held that "restrictive covenants" that barred the sale of homes to blacks, Jews, or Asians, were unconstitutional. This case affected other forms of privately created Jim Crow arrangements, which barred African American from buying homes in certain neighborhoods, from shopping or working in certain stores, from working at certain trades, etc.

Finally, in 1954, in Brown v. Board of Education 347 US 483, the Court held that separate facilities were inherently unequal in the area of public schools. This case overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and eventually had the effect of outlawing Jim Crow in other areas of society as well. However, the Courts ruling was not well received by many Southern Democrats, who in a Congressional resolution in 1956 called the Southern Manifesto, condemned the Supreme Court's ruling. The Manifesto was signed by 19 Senators and 77 House members.

Later, in "Loving v. Virginia," 388 U.S. 1 (1967), another landmark civil rights case, the Supreme Court declared Virginia's anti-"miscegenation" statute, the "Racial Integrity Act of 1924," unconstitutional, thereby overturning Pace v. Alabama (1883) and ending all race-based legal restrictions on marriage in the United States.

Notes
↑ Jim Crow Laws. www.nps.gov. Retrieved October 24, 2007.

References
Ayers, Edward L. The Promise of the New South. Oxford University Press, 1992, ISBN 0195326881
Barnes, Catherine A. Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit. Columbia University Press, 1983, ISBN 0231053800
Bartley, Numan V. The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South during the 1950s. Louisiana State University Press, 1969. ISBN 0807124192
Dailey, Jane, Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, and Bryant Simon, eds. Jumpin' Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights. Princeton University Press, 2000. ISBN 0691001936
Fairclough, Adam. “Being in the Field of Education and Also Being a Negro Seems Tragic: Black Teachers in the Jim Crow South," Journal of American History 87 (June 2000): 65–91. JSTOR
Feldman, Glenn. Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915–1949. University of Alabama Press, 1999. ISBN 0817309845
Fireside, Harvey, Separate and Unequal: Homer Plessy and the Supreme Court Decision That Legalized Racism. Carroll & Graf, 2004. ISBN 0786712937
Foner, Eric. Reconstruction, America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877: and 1863-1877. Harpercollins, 1988. ISBN 0060158514
Gaines, Kevin. Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century. University of North Carolina Press, 1996. ISBN 0807845434
Gaston, Paul M. The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking. Alfred A. Knopf, 1970. ISBN 0807102563
Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920. The University of North Carolina Press, 1996. ISBN 0807845965
Griffin, John Howard Black Like Me. Signet, 1996. ISBN 0451192036
Hackney, Sheldon. Populism to Progressivism in Alabama. ACLS History E-Book Project, 2001. ISBN 1597401730
Haws, Robert, ed. The Age of Segregation: Race Relations in the South, 1890–1945. University Press of Mississippi, 1978. ISBN 0878050876
Johnson, Charles S. Patterns of Negro Segregation. Thomas V. Crowell, 1970. ASIN BOOONPHYHY
Kantrowitz, Stephen. Ben Tillman & the Reconstruction of White Supremacy. The University of North Carolina Press, 2000. ISBN 0807848395
Klarman, Michael J. From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality. Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0195310187
Litwack, Leon F. Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow. Vintage, 1999. ISBN 0375702636 (This is the most complete and moving account we have had of what the victims of the Jim Crow South suffered and somehow endured"—C. Vann Woodward.)
McMillen, Neil R. Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow. University of Illinois Press, 1989. ISBN 025206156X
Medley, Keith Weldon. We As Freemen: Plessy v. Ferguson. Pelican Publishing Company, 2003. ISBN 1589801202.
Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. Transaction Publisher, 1996. ISBN 1560008571
Percy, William Alexander. Lanterns on the Levee: Recollections of a Planter's Son. Louisiana State University Press, 1993. ISBN 0807100722
Rabinowitz, Howard N. Race Relations in the Urban South, 1856–1890. University of Georgia Press; New edition, 1996. ISBN 0820318809
Smith, J. Douglas. Managing White Supremacy: Race, Politics, and Citizenship in Jim Crow Virginia. University of North Carolina Press, 2002. ISBN 0807854247
Smith, J. Douglas. “The Campaign for Racial Purity and the Erosion of Paternalism in Virginia, 1922–1930: 'Nominally White, Biologically Mixed, and Legally Negro.’” Journal of Southern History 68 (February 2002): 65–106.
Smith, J. Douglas. “Patrolling the Boundaries of Race: Motion Picture Censorship and Jim Crow in Virginia, 1922–1932.” Historical Journal of Film, Radio, and Television 21 (August 2001): 273–91.
Sterner, Richard. The Negro's Share. ACLS History E-Book Project, 2006. ISBN 1597402753
Woodward, C. Vann. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. Oxford University Press, 1955. ISBN 0195146905
Woodward, C. Vann. The Origins of the New South: 1877-1913. Louisiana State University Press, 1976. ISBN 0807100196
External links

Retrieved October 24, 2007.

The History of Jim Crow. **Racial Etiquette: The Racial Customs and Rules of Racial Behavior in Jim Crow America. jimcrowhistory.org.
Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia
An article on "New Racist Forms: Jim Crow in the 21st Century". www.ferris.edu.
"You Don't Have to Ride Jim Crow!," PBS documentary on first Freedom Ride, in 1947. www.robinwashington.com.
A 1923 article in the SF Chronicle lauding California's Jim Crow handgun law, which is still in force today. californiaccw.org.
"The Extent and Character of Separate Schools in the United States" by Horace Mann Bond, from The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 4, No. 3, "The Courts and the Negro Separate School" (Jul., 1935), pp. 321-327. links.jstor.org.
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Bibliographic details for Jim Crow laws

Page name: Jim Crow laws
Author: New World Encyclopedia contributors
Publisher: New World Encyclopedia.
Date of last revision: 2 April 2008 09:54 UTC
Date retrieved: 3 October 2010 19:06 UTC
Permanent URL: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Jim_Crow_laws?oldid=680687
Page Version ID: 680687

The Spread of Slavery

http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/map/1863.html

Click on the dates in the timeline to see the changing face of slavery in this period.

The Organic Laws of the United States

The Declaration of Independence
http://www.usconstitution.net/gifs/docs/declar.jpg

The Articles of Confederation
http://www.usconstitution.net/gifs/docs/articles1.jpg

The Northwest Ordinance
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc_large_image.php?flash=true&doc=8

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png

The Constitution for the United States

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Constitution_Pg1of4_AC.jpg

The organic laws of the United States of America are included in the U.S. Code. These documents include the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, the Northwest Ordinance, and the U.S. Constitution. These documents comprise the very first part of the United States Code, wherein lies the collected statutes of the United States of America.

Both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution are looked upon, by most citizens of the United States, as the "legal bible" of the United States. Lincoln maintained that the Declaration was "the first of the laws of the United States and...the controlling legal authority as to the meaning of the principles of the Constitution." (Jaffa, CRB, [Winter 2005/06, p.38]).

Echoing a similar sentiment, perhaps referencing St. Paul's wisdom that "the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life," Cristopher Levenick states that "the letter of the Constitution is incomplete without being animated by the spirit of the Declaration." (Levenik, CRB, [Winter 2005/06, p. 40]).

James Madison

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg

"We hold it for a fundamental and undeniable truth, that religion, or the duty we owe our Creator and the manner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and conviction, not by force or violence. The religion then of every man must be left to the conviction and conscience of every man; and it is the right of every man to exercise it as these may dictate. This right is in its nature an unalienable right"

Alexander Hamilton

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If the federal government should overpass the just bounds of its authority and make a tyrannical use of its powers, the people, whose creature it is, must appeal to the standard they have formed, and take such measures to redress the injury done to the Constitution as the exigency may suggest and prudence justify.

Alexander Hamilton, Federalist No. 33, January 3, 1788

Thomas Jefferson

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The God who gave us life, gave us liberty at the same time; the hand of force may destroy, but cannot disjoin them.

Washington at Valley Forge

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The nearest to an authentication of the Potts story of Washington's prayer in the woods seems to be supplied by the "Diary and Remembrances" of the Rev. Nathaniel Randolph Snowden, an ordained Presbyterian minister, graduate of Princeton with a degree from Dickinson College. The original is owned by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Mr. Snowden was born in Philadelphia January 17, 1770 and died November 12, 1851. His writings cover a period from youth to 1846. In his records may be found these observations, in Mr. Snowden's own handwriting:
"I knew personally the celebrated Quaker Potts who saw Gen'l Washington alone in the woods at prayer. I got it from himself, myself. Weems mentioned it in his history of Washington, but I got it from the man myself, as follows:
"I was riding with him (Mr. Potts) in Montgomery County, Penn'a near to the Valley Forge, where the army lay during the war of ye Revolution. Mr. Potts was a Senator in our State & a Whig. I told him I was agreeably surprised to find him a friend to his country as the Quakers were mostly Tories. He said, 'It was so and I was a rank Tory once, for I never believed that America c'd proceed against Great Britain whose fleets and armies covered the land and ocean, but something very extraordinary converted me to the Good Faith!" "What was that," I inquired? 'Do you see that woods, & that plain. It was about a quarter of a mile off from the place we were riding, as it happened.' 'There,' said he, 'laid the army of Washington. It was a most distressing time of ye war, and all were for giving up the Ship but that great and good man. In that woods pointing to a close in view, I heard a plaintive sound as, of a man at prayer. I tied my horse to a sapling & went quietly into the woods & to my astonishment I saw the great George Washington on his knees alone, with his sword on one side and his cocked hat on the other. He was at Prayer to the God of the Armies, beseeching to interpose with his Divine aid, as it was ye Crisis, & the cause of the country, of humanity & of the world.
'Such a prayer I never heard from the lips of man.

I left him alone praying.

Facts About the U. S. Constitution

http://www.america.gov/constitution.html

Fort McHenry & The Star Spangled Banner

http://www.history.com/videos/war-of-1812-siege-at-fort-mchenry#war-of-1812-siege-at-fort-mchenry

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/civil/jb_civil_lincoln2_1_e.html

"that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHIjrZCAYp0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BvA0J_2ZpIQ&feature=related